Recently, the India-Africa Forum Summit-IV (IAFS-IV), scheduled to be held in New Delhi from 28–31 May 2026, was postponed due to the ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in parts of Africa. The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Summit was also postponed for the same reason.

• It is the highest apex institutional platform for dialogue and cooperation between India and African countries.
• It was established in 2008.
• The Summit aims to strengthen political dialogue, economic cooperation, trade, investment, technology transfer, capacity building, and people-to-people relations between India and Africa.
• It reflects a shared commitment to South–South cooperation, inclusive development, multilateralism, and sustainable partnerships.

• IAFS-I (2008): Held in New Delhi
• IAFS-II (2011): Held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• IAFS-III (2015): Held in New Delhi
• IAFS-IV (2026): Postponed due to Ebola outbreak

• Strengthen diplomatic and strategic relations between India and African countries
• Promote economic cooperation and increase bilateral trade and investment
• Encourage technology transfer, innovation, and industrialization
• Enhance cooperation in health, agriculture, education, and infrastructure
• Support sustainable development and regional integration
• Foster youth empowerment, entrepreneurship, and skills development
• Strengthen peace, security, and maritime cooperation
• Promote South–South cooperation and multilateral collaboration

• It is a cornerstone of India’s Africa Policy and Global South Diplomacy.
• Provides a platform for India to expand its footprint in trade, energy, defence, and development cooperation.
• Strengthens India’s image as a reliable development partner for African nations.
• The postponement highlights the intersection of health security and diplomacy in international relations.

Prelims

• Key Terms: IAFS, South-South Cooperation, Ebola Outbreak, Global South Diplomacy.

GS-2 (International Relations)

• India-Africa Relations, South-South Cooperation, Health Diplomacy, Multilateral Forums.

GS-3 (Economy & Environment)

• Trade and investment with Africa, Impact of health crises on international cooperation.

Essay / Interview

• “Health Security is Integral to Effective Diplomacy in the 21st Century.”
• “India’s Engagement with Africa: From Historical Ties to Strategic Partnership.”

1. With reference to the India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS), consider the following statements:

1. It is the apex platform for dialogue and cooperation between India and African countries.
2. The first summit was held in 2008 in New Delhi.
3. IAFS-IV was postponed in 2026 due to the Ebola outbreak.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

2. How many editions of the India–Africa Forum Summit have been held till 2025?
   (a) 2
   (b) 3
   (c) 4
   (d) 5

Answer: (b) 3

3. Consider the following statements:

1. India–Africa Forum Summit promotes South–South Cooperation.
2. The summit focuses only on economic cooperation and ignores security issues.
3. The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Summit was also postponed along with IAFS-IV.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

4. Which of the following is not an objective of the India–Africa Forum Summit?
   (a) Technology transfer and capacity building
   (b) Strengthening peace and maritime cooperation
   (c) Promotion of military alliances against China
   (d) Youth empowerment and skills development

Answer: (c) Promotion of military alliances against China

5. IAFS-IV was originally scheduled to be held in:
   (a) Addis Ababa
   (b) Johannesburg
   (c) New Delhi
   (d) Nairobi

Answer: (c) New Delhi

6. The recent postponement of IAFS-IV highlights which dimension of diplomacy?
   (a) Health diplomacy
   (b) Vaccine diplomacy
   (c) Both (a) and (b)
   (d) Only economic diplomacy

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

7. Assertion (A): The India–Africa Forum Summit is important for India’s Global South strategy.

Reason (R): It provides a structured platform for political, economic, and developmental cooperation with African nations.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Which of the following is the correct chronological order of IAFS summits?
   (a) 2008 New Delhi → 2011 Addis Ababa → 2015 New Delhi
   (b) 2011 Addis Ababa → 2008 New Delhi → 2015 New Delhi
   (c) 2015 New Delhi → 2008 New Delhi → 2011 Addis Ababa
   (d) 2008 New Delhi → 2015 New Delhi → 2011 Addis Ababa

Answer: (a) 2008 New Delhi → 2011 Addis Ababa → 2015 New Delhi

1. “The India-Africa Forum Summit is a cornerstone of India’s engagement with the African continent.” Discuss its significance in the context of India’s foreign policy and South-South Cooperation. (15 Marks)
2. Analyse the impact of global health crises like the Ebola outbreak on international diplomatic engagements with special reference to the postponement of IAFS-IV. (10 Marks)

Haryana’s first Constellation Garden has been developed at the Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary in the Seonsar forest area of Pehowa. This initiative aims to promote eco-tourism, astronomy education, and biodiversity conservation in the state.

• Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as Seonsar Forest, is located in the districts of Kaithal and Kurukshetra in Haryana.
• It is spread over an area of 4,452.85 hectares.
• The sanctuary is culturally and ecologically significant as it is associated with the mythical Saraswati River, believed to have flowed through this region in ancient times.
• It is home to ancient archaeological remains, with bricks dating back to the Kushan and Gupta periods (over 1,500 years old).
• A 400-year-old water well made of small Lakhauri bricks from the Mughal era is also found here.

• Flora: Tropical deciduous forest vegetation with dense clusters of Kikar, Neem, Shisham, and Peepal trees.
• Fauna:
  • Mammals: Blue Bull (Nilgai), Wild Boar, Spotted Deer, and the rare Hog Deer.
  • Avian Diversity: Hosts over 250 species of resident and migratory birds, especially during winter.
• New Attraction: Haryana’s first Constellation Garden has been developed here for stargazing and astronomy awareness.

• Represents the rich natural and cultural heritage of Haryana.
• Acts as an important habitat for wildlife and migratory birds in the Indo-Gangetic plains.
• Promotes eco-tourism and environmental education through new initiatives like the Constellation Garden.
• Supports conservation of the mythical Saraswati River landscape and biodiversity.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary, Seonsar Forest, Constellation Garden, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Hog Deer.

GS-1 (Geography & Culture)

• Wildlife sanctuaries, Cultural geography, Archaeological significance.

GS-3 (Environment & Ecology)

• Biodiversity conservation, Eco-tourism, Protected areas in India.

Essay / Interview

• “Wildlife Sanctuaries: Bridging Natural Heritage and Cultural Legacy.”
• “Role of Community and State in Biodiversity Conservation.”

1. With reference to Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary, consider the following statements:

1. It is located in Kaithal and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana.
2. It is also known as Seonsar Forest.
3. Haryana’s first Constellation Garden has been developed here.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

2. Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over an area of approximately:
   (a) 1,200 hectares
   (b) 2,500 hectares
   (c) 4,452.85 hectares
   (d) 6,000 hectares

Answer: (c) 4,452.85 hectares

3. Consider the following statements:

1. The sanctuary is associated with the mythical Saraswati River.
2. It contains archaeological remains from the Kushan and Gupta periods.
3. It is a tropical evergreen forest.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

4. Which of the following animals is rarely found in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary?
   (a) Spotted Deer
   (b) Hog Deer
   (c) Blue Bull
   (d) Wild Boar

Answer: (b) Hog Deer

5. The Constellation Garden developed in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary is related to:
   (a) Herbal gardening
   (b) Astronomy and stargazing
   (c) Butterfly conservation
   (d) Coral reef restoration

Answer: (b) Astronomy and stargazing

6. Which type of forest is found in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary?
   (a) Tropical Evergreen
   (b) Tropical Deciduous
   (c) Mangrove
   (d) Alpine

Answer: (b) Tropical Deciduous

7. Assertion (A): Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary has both ecological and cultural importance.

Reason (R): It is linked to the mythical Saraswati River and contains ancient archaeological remains.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state?
   (a) Rajasthan
   (b) Punjab
   (c) Haryana
   (d) Uttar Pradesh

Answer: (c) Haryana

1. “Wildlife sanctuaries like Saraswati not only protect biodiversity but also preserve cultural and historical heritage.” Discuss with suitable examples. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the role of eco-tourism and initiatives like Constellation Gardens in promoting conservation awareness and sustainable development. (10 Marks)

Deployment of high-capacity harvester machines at Ambazari Lake has given a major push to the long-pending battle against the massive spread of water hyacinth. This initiative aims to restore the ecological health and beauty of one of Nagpur’s most iconic water bodies.

• Ambazari Lake is located near the southwest border of Nagpur in Maharashtra.
• It is the oldest, largest, and one of the eleven lakes adorning the city.
• It spans approximately 6.2 hectares.
• It was built in 1870 during the rule of the Bhonsle dynasty.
• It was constructed as a reservoir to supply water to Nagpur and played a crucial role in meeting the city’s water needs for over 30 years.
• The lake’s origins are tied to the Nag River, which flows out from it.
• The name “Ambazari” is derived from the Marathi word “Amba”, meaning mango, as the lake is surrounded by mango trees.
• A well-maintained garden was developed beside the lake in 1958.

• It is a historic man-made lake serving both ecological and cultural importance.
• Once a major source of drinking water, it is now primarily used for recreation, tourism, and biodiversity conservation.
• The lake has been severely affected by the invasive growth of water hyacinth, which reduces oxygen levels and harms aquatic life.
• Recent mechanical removal of water hyacinth using high-capacity harvesters marks a significant step towards lake rejuvenation.

• Represents Nagpur’s rich historical and environmental heritage.
• Serves as an important urban lung and recreational spot for the city.
• Highlights the challenges of urban lake conservation and the impact of invasive species.
• Successful restoration can become a model for rejuvenation of other urban lakes in Maharashtra and India.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Ambazari Lake, Water Hyacinth, Bhonsle Dynasty, Nag River, Urban Lake Conservation.

GS-1 (Geography & History)

• Urban water bodies, Historical architecture, Lake ecology.

GS-3 (Environment & Ecology)

• Invasive species management, Urban lake rejuvenation, Biodiversity conservation.

Essay / Interview

• “Urban Lakes: Vanishing Lifelines of Indian Cities.”
• “Balancing Development and Conservation: The Case of Ambazari Lake.”

1. With reference to Ambazari Lake, consider the following statements:

1. It is the largest lake in Nagpur.
2. It was built in 1870 under the Bhonsle dynasty.
3. It is fed by the Nag River.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a) 1 only

2. Ambazari Lake is located in which city?
   (a) Mumbai
   (b) Nagpur
   (c) Pune
   (d) Aurangabad

Answer: (b) Nagpur

3. Consider the following statements:

1. The name “Ambazari” is derived from the Marathi word for mango.
2. A garden was developed beside the lake in 1958.
3. The lake has been severely affected by the invasive growth of water hyacinth.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 only

Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3

4. Ambazari Lake was primarily constructed for:
   (a) Irrigation only
   (b) Supplying drinking water to Nagpur
   (c) Hydroelectric power generation
   (d) Recreational purposes only

Answer: (b) Supplying drinking water to Nagpur

5. Which of the following is a major ecological challenge currently faced by Ambazari Lake?
   (a) High salinity
   (b) Massive spread of water hyacinth
   (c) Heavy metal pollution only
   (d) Drying up completely

Answer: (b) Massive spread of water hyacinth

6. Which dynasty built Ambazari Lake?
   (a) Maratha (Bhonsle)
   (b) Mughal
   (c) British
   (d) Satavahana

Answer: (a) Maratha (Bhonsle)

7. Assertion (A): Ambazari Lake holds both historical and ecological importance.

Reason (R): It was built in 1870 and continues to be an important urban water body in Nagpur.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

8. Which river originates from or flows out of Ambazari Lake?
   (a) Godavari
   (b) Nag River
   (c) Wardha
   (d) Purna

Answer: (b) Nag River

1. “Urban lakes like Ambazari are facing multiple threats due to encroachment, pollution and invasive species.” Discuss the challenges and suggest measures for their conservation and rejuvenation. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the role of community participation and technological interventions in the restoration of urban lakes in India. (10 Marks)

A submarine volcanic eruption in the Bismarck Sea, north of Papua New Guinea, has highlighted the poor mapping of the deep ocean floor on Earth. The event has drawn global scientific attention towards better understanding of underwater volcanic activity and seafloor mapping.

• The Bismarck Sea is a part of the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
• It is bounded to the southwest by the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea and to the northwest through to the southeast by the Bismarck Archipelago.
• The archipelago includes the Admiralty Islands (north), New Ireland (east), and New Britain (southeast).
• It has a total surface area of about 40,000 sq. km.
• It opens to the Pacific Ocean on the north and to the Solomon Sea on the southeast through the Vitiaz and Dampier Straits and St. George’s Channel.

• Depth: The basin has a general depth of around 2,000 metres, with maximum depths approaching 2,500 metres. It is divided by a central ridge into the eastern New Ireland and western New Guinea sections.
• Naming: The sea was named after the German statesman Otto von Bismarck. It was under German control from about 1885 until 1914.
• World War II: It was the site of several important naval battles between Allied forces and Japanese troops. The Battle of the Bismarck Sea (March 1943) was a decisive Allied victory that stopped a Japanese convoy.
• Today, the area is popular among historians and divers for exploring sunken ships and aircraft from World War II.

• It is a seismically active region due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.
• The recent submarine volcanic eruption underscores the need for improved deep-sea mapping and monitoring of underwater volcanoes.
• The sea holds strategic importance for maritime routes and biodiversity in the southwestern Pacific.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Bismarck Sea, Bismarck Archipelago, Battle of the Bismarck Sea, Submarine Volcanic Eruption, Pacific Ring of Fire.

GS-1 (Geography)

• Physical geography of oceans, Important seas and straits, Volcanic activity.

GS-2 (International Relations)

• Historical events (World War II), Maritime significance in the Pacific.

GS-3 (Environment & Disaster Management)

• Underwater volcanic eruptions, Deep ocean mapping, Disaster risks.

Essay / Interview

• “The Unexplored Deep Ocean: Need for Better Mapping and Monitoring.”
• “Geopolitical and Environmental Significance of the Pacific Region.”

1. With reference to the Bismarck Sea, consider the following statements:

1. It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
2. It is bounded by Papua New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.
3. It was named after the German statesman Otto von Bismarck.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

2. The Bismarck Sea opens into which of the following seas through the Vitiaz Strait?
   (a) Arabian Sea
   (b) Solomon Sea
   (c) Coral Sea
   (d) Tasman Sea

Answer: (b) Solomon Sea

3. Consider the following statements:

1. The Battle of the Bismarck Sea was fought during World War II.
2. The sea has a maximum depth of around 2,500 metres.
3. It is not seismically active.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a) 1 only

4. Which of the following countries controlled the Bismarck Sea region from 1885 to 1914?
   (a) Britain
   (b) Germany
   (c) Japan
   (d) France

Answer: (b) Germany

5. The recent submarine volcanic eruption in the Bismarck Sea has highlighted the issue of:
   (a) Poor mapping of the deep ocean floor
   (b) Coral bleaching
   (c) Overfishing
   (d) Plastic pollution

Answer: (a) Poor mapping of the deep ocean floor

6. Which of the following is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago?
   (a) New Britain
   (b) New Ireland
   (c) Admiralty Islands
   (d) Bougainville

Answer: (a) New Britain

7. Assertion (A): The Bismarck Sea is seismically active.

Reason (R): It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. The Bismarck Sea is connected to the Pacific Ocean in which direction?
   (a) South
   (b) North
   (c) East
   (d) West

Answer: (c) East

1. “The Bismarck Sea, though relatively lesser-known, holds immense strategic and scientific importance.” Discuss its geographical and historical significance. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the challenges of deep ocean mapping and the need for international cooperation in monitoring submarine volcanic activities. (10 Marks)

A major fire destroyed part of the historic Daishoin Buddhist temple complex, specifically the Reikado Hall, which had housed Japan’s ‘eternal flame’ continuously for nearly 1,200 years. The incident has caused significant concern over the loss of cultural and religious heritage.

• Daishoin Temple is a prominent Buddhist temple belonging to the Shingon School.
• It is located on Miyajima Island (also known as Itsukushima) in the Chugoku region of Japan.
• The temple lies at the base of Mount Misen, the tallest mountain on the island.
• It was founded in 806 CE by the revered monk Kobo Daishi (Kukai) upon his return from China after completing the 100-day gumonji-ho Buddhist training.
• The temple complex consists of multiple unique halls, structures, and statues spread across vast grounds.

• The Reikado Hall (the main hall that burned) was especially significant as it housed Japan’s eternal flame, which had been burning continuously for 1,200 years.
• The temple is deeply associated with Shingon Buddhism and Mount Misen’s spiritual importance.
• It forms an important part of the cultural and religious landscape of Miyajima Island.

• Miyajima (Itsukushima) is a small island in the Seto Inland Sea, near Hiroshima.
• It is famous worldwide for its iconic “floating” red torii gate of Itsukushima Shrine, which appears to stand on water during high tide.
• Itsukushima Shrine (built around 1168 CE) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is uniquely constructed over water on stilts and connected by boardwalks.

• Daishoin Temple represents Japan’s ancient Buddhist heritage and the enduring legacy of Kobo Daishi.
• The temple complex is an important cultural and spiritual site, attracting pilgrims and tourists.
• The fire has raised concerns about the vulnerability of historic wooden structures to fire hazards and the need for better preservation techniques for cultural heritage sites.
• Miyajima Island as a whole is a symbol of Japan’s harmonious blend of nature, spirituality, and architecture.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Daishoin Temple, Miyajima Island, Itsukushima Shrine, Shingon School, Kobo Daishi, Eternal Flame, UNESCO World Heritage Site.

GS-1 (History & Culture)

• Buddhist heritage, Japanese cultural sites, UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

GS-3 (Disaster Management)

• Protection of cultural heritage from fire and natural disasters.

Essay / Interview

• “Cultural Heritage Sites: Balancing Preservation and Tourism.”
• “The Vulnerability of Ancient Wooden Structures in the Age of Climate Change.”

1. With reference to Daishoin Temple, consider the following statements:

1. It belongs to the Shingon School of Buddhism.
2. It is located on Miyajima Island in Japan.
3. It was founded by Kobo Daishi in 806 CE.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

2. The Reikado Hall of Daishoin Temple was famous for housing:
   (a) Japan’s largest Buddha statue
   (b) Japan’s eternal flame for nearly 1,200 years
   (c) Ancient Shinto relics
   (d) A floating torii gate

Answer: (b) Japan’s eternal flame for nearly 1,200 years

3. Consider the following statements:

1. Miyajima Island is also known as Itsukushima.
2. Itsukushima Shrine is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Daishoin Temple is situated at the base of Mount Misen.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 only

Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3

4. Kobo Daishi is associated with the founding of which Buddhist school?
   (a) Zen Buddhism
   (b) Shingon School
   (c) Pure Land Buddhism
   (d) Nichiren Buddhism

Answer: (b) Shingon School

5. Which of the following is a distinctive feature of Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima Island?
   (a) It is built entirely of stone
   (b) It is constructed over water on stilts
   (c) It is the tallest temple in Japan
   (d) It houses the eternal flame

Answer: (b) It is constructed over water on stilts

6. Daishoin Temple is located in which country?
   (a) China
   (b) Japan
   (c) South Korea
   (d) Thailand

Answer: (b) Japan

7. Assertion (A): The recent fire at Daishoin Temple is a significant loss to Japan’s cultural heritage.

Reason (R): The Reikado Hall housed an eternal flame that had been burning for nearly 1,200 years.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Miyajima Island is located in which sea?
   (a) East China Sea
   (b) Seto Inland Sea
   (c) Sea of Japan
   (d) Philippine Sea

Answer: (b) Seto Inland Sea

1. “Ancient temples and shrines like Daishoin represent not just religious sites but living cultural heritage.” Discuss the challenges in preserving such heritage sites in the modern era. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the cultural and spiritual significance of Miyajima Island and Itsukushima Shrine in the context of Japanese heritage. (10 Marks)

Recently, the Union Minister for Science & Technology dedicated the UMMID Programme to the nation. This initiative aims to strengthen the diagnosis, management, and prevention of rare genetic disorders across India.

• UMMID stands for Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders.
• It is a national initiative launched for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of Rare Genetic Disorders/Diseases.
• It is India’s first comprehensive national effort to address inherited genetic disorders through an integrated approach covering diagnosis, counselling, prevention, training, and public health awareness.
• The programme promotes early intervention and affordable healthcare for families affected by rare genetic disorders.

The programme functions through three major pillars:

• NIDAN Kendras: For diagnostics and genetic counselling.
• Outreach Programmes: Focused on aspirational districts for wider reach.
• Specialised Training Centres: For capacity building of healthcare professionals.

It supports the implementation of the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021 by creating structured care pathways for patients with inherited disorders.

• Addresses the long-standing gap in diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic diseases in India.
• Promotes affordable and accessible genetic testing and counselling.
• Strengthens India’s public health infrastructure for genetic disorders.
• Aligns with the goal of preventive healthcare and reducing the burden of rare diseases on families and the healthcare system.
• Nodal Ministry: Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology.

Prelims

• Key Terms: UMMID Programme, NIDAN Kendras, Rare Genetic Disorders, NPRD 2021, Department of Biotechnology.

GS-2 (Governance & Health)

• Public health initiatives, Rare diseases policy, Genetic healthcare infrastructure.

GS-3 (Science & Technology)

• Biotechnology applications in healthcare, Government schemes for rare diseases.

Essay / Interview

• “Rare Diseases: From Neglect to National Priority.”
• “Role of Science and Technology in Strengthening Preventive Healthcare in India.”

1. With reference to the UMMID Programme, consider the following statements:

1. It stands for Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders.
2. It is a national initiative for diagnosis and management of rare genetic disorders.
3. It is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

2. UMMID Programme is an initiative of which ministry?
   (a) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
   (b) Ministry of Science & Technology
   (c) Ministry of Education
   (d) Ministry of Women and Child Development

Answer: (b) Ministry of Science & Technology

3. Consider the following statements:

1. NIDAN Kendras are established under the UMMID Programme for diagnosis and counselling.
2. The programme supports the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021.
3. It focuses only on treatment and ignores prevention and awareness.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

4. Which of the following is not a pillar of the UMMID Programme?
   (a) NIDAN Kendras
   (b) Outreach in Aspirational Districts
   (c) Specialised Training Centres
   (d) Establishment of new AIIMS-like institutions

Answer: (d) Establishment of new AIIMS-like institutions

5. The UMMID Programme primarily aims at:
   (a) Promoting medical tourism
   (b) Early diagnosis and management of rare genetic disorders
   (c) Vaccination for children
   (d) Cancer research

Answer: (b) Early diagnosis and management of rare genetic disorders

6. UMMID Programme is associated with which field of science?
   (a) Space Technology
   (b) Biotechnology and Genetics
   (c) Nuclear Energy
   (d) Renewable Energy

Answer: (b) Biotechnology and Genetics

7. Assertion (A): UMMID is a significant step towards addressing rare genetic diseases in India.

Reason (R): It provides an integrated framework for diagnosis, counselling, and prevention of inherited disorders.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Which of the following policies does the UMMID Programme support?
   (a) National Education Policy 2020
   (b) National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021
   (c) National Health Policy 2017
   (d) National Biotechnology Development Strategy

Answer: (b) National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021

1. “Rare genetic disorders remain one of the most neglected areas in public health.” Discuss the significance of the UMMID Programme in addressing this challenge. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the role of biotechnology in improving healthcare delivery with special reference to initiatives like UMMID for rare diseases. (10 Marks)

The Prime Minister of India will hold bilateral talks with the President of Cyprus in New Delhi. The discussions are expected to focus on strengthening bilateral relations, trade, defence cooperation, and collaboration in the Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean regions.

• Cyprus is a Eurasian island country located in the Mediterranean Sea.
• It is officially known as the Republic of Cyprus.
• Location: Situated in the extreme northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian peninsula (Turkey).
• Neighbouring Countries: Turkey (to the North), Syria (to the East), and Lebanon (to the Southeast).
• It is a member of the European Union (EU) since 2004.
• Capital City: Nicosia (divided city — one of the last divided capitals in the world).

• Size: It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily and Sardinia.
• Climate: Temperate Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and variably rainy winters.
• Major Cities: Limassol, Larnaca, Famagusta, and Paphos.
• Mountain Ranges: Kyrenia Mountains (north) and Troodos Mountains (central).
• Highest Point: Mount Olympus (1,952 metres) in the Troodos range.
• Major River: Pedieos (longest river in Cyprus).
• Natural Resources: Copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, and clay earth pigments.
• Strategic Importance: Lies at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa — important for maritime trade and energy routes.

• Cyprus is a key partner for India in the Mediterranean and EU region.
• Both countries share common interests in counter-terrorism, maritime security, and renewable energy.
• The island has been politically divided since 1974 (between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots), making it a long-standing issue in international diplomacy.
• India maintains strong diplomatic ties with Cyprus and supports a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus issue under UN framework.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Cyprus, Mediterranean Sea, Mount Olympus, Troodos Mountains, EU Member, Nicosia.

GS-1 (Geography)

• Physical geography of Mediterranean region, Strategic islands.

GS-2 (International Relations)

• India-Cyprus bilateral relations, EU-India partnership, Cyprus issue in global politics.

Essay / Interview

• “Strategic Importance of Mediterranean Islands in Global Geopolitics.”
• “India’s Engagement with Smaller European Nations like Cyprus.”

1. With reference to Cyprus, consider the following statements:

1. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
2. Nicosia is its capital city.
3. It is a member of the European Union.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

2. Cyprus is located in which sea?
   (a) Red Sea
   (b) Mediterranean Sea
   (c) Arabian Sea
   (d) Caspian Sea

Answer: (b) Mediterranean Sea

3. Consider the following statements:

1. Mount Olympus is the highest peak in Cyprus.
2. Cyprus shares a maritime border with Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon.
3. Cyprus is not a member of the European Union.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

4. Which of the following is the longest river in Cyprus?
   (a) Nile
   (b) Pedieos
   (c) Euphrates
   (d) Tigris

Answer: (b) Pedieos

5. The recent meeting between India and Cyprus is being held in:
   (a) Nicosia
   (b) New Delhi
   (c) Brussels
   (d) Ankara

Answer: (a) Nicosia

6. Cyprus is strategically important because it lies at the crossroads of:
   (a) Europe, Asia and Africa
   (b) Only Europe and Asia
   (c) Only Africa and Asia
   (d) Pacific and Indian Ocean

Answer: (a) Europe, Asia and Africa

7. Assertion (A): Cyprus is an important partner for India in the Mediterranean region.

Reason (R): It is an EU member and holds strategic maritime importance.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Which of the following mountain ranges is located in Cyprus?
   (a) Alps
   (b) Troodos
   (c) Andes
   (d) Rockies

Answer: (b) Troodos

1. “Smaller European nations like Cyprus are becoming increasingly important in India’s diversified foreign policy.” Discuss the strategic and economic significance of India-Cyprus relations. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the geopolitical importance of Cyprus in the Mediterranean region and its implications for regional stability. (10 Marks)

Recently, the Prime Minister of India gifted a Muga silk stole and a Shirui Lily silk stole to the Italian Prime Minister during a bilateral meeting. This gesture highlighted India’s rich traditional handloom heritage and cultural diplomacy.

• Muga Silk is known as the “Golden Silk” of Assam.
• It is a rare and prestigious textile produced in the Brahmaputra Valley.
• It is obtained from the semi-domesticated multivoltine silkworm Antheraea assamensis.
• The silkworms feed on the aromatic leaves of Som and Soalu plants and are reared on trees (similar to Tasar silk).
• It is valued for its natural golden hue, high durability, lustre, and eco-friendly production process (without the use of artificial dyes).
• Muga culture is unique to the state of Assam and is deeply embedded in its tradition and culture.
• It is used to make high-value products such as sarees, mekhalas, chaddars, stoles, and other traditional garments.

• Muga silk has a natural golden sheen that improves with every wash.
• It is one of the strongest natural fibres in the world.
• The craft has been traditionally practised by the people of Assam for centuries.
• GI Tag: Received the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag in 2007.

• It draws inspiration from the misty heights of Shirui Kashong peak in Manipur.
• It is inspired by the rare Shirui Lily (a delicate bell-shaped flower with pale pinkish-white petals that blooms nowhere else in the world).
• For the Tangkhul Naga community of Manipur, the Shirui Lily symbolises purity, identity, and cultural pride.
• The lily also holds deep cultural resonance in Italy, symbolising purity, grace, and artistic refinement in Renaissance art.

• Muga Silk represents Assam’s unique sericulture heritage and indigenous knowledge.
• It supports the livelihood of thousands of traditional weavers and rearers in Assam.
• Promotes Vocal for Local and Atmanirbhar Bharat in the handloom sector.
• Strengthens cultural diplomacy and soft power of India on the global stage.
• Highlights the rich biodiversity and traditional textile diversity of Northeast India.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Muga Silk, Golden Silk, Antheraea assamensis, GI Tag, Shirui Lily, Sericulture.

GS-1 (Indian Culture & Heritage)

• Traditional textiles, Handloom sector of Northeast India, GI-tagged products.

GS-3 (Economy)

• Handloom industry, Sericulture, Livelihood generation in rural areas.

Essay / Interview

• “Geographical Indication Tags: Preserving India’s Traditional Knowledge and Culture.”
• “Northeast India: A Treasure Trove of Traditional Textiles and Biodiversity.”

1. With reference to Muga Silk, consider the following statements:

1. It is known as the “Golden Silk” of Assam.
2. It is produced from the silkworm Antheraea assamensis.
3. It received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2007.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

2. Muga silk is primarily produced in which state?
   (a) West Bengal
   (b) Assam
   (c) Manipur
   (d) Karnataka

Answer: (b) Assam

3. Consider the following statements:

1. Muga silkworms feed on Som and Soalu plants.
2. Shirui Lily Silk is inspired by a rare flower found in Manipur.
3. Muga silk loses its lustre after every wash.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Muga Silk?
   (a) Natural golden hue
   (b) High durability
   (c) Produced using artificial dyes
   (d) Eco-friendly production

Answer: (c) Produced using artificial dyes

5. The Shirui Lily is associated with which state?
   (a) Assam
   (b) Manipur
   (c) Nagaland
   (d) Meghalaya

Answer: (b) Manipur

6. Muga culture is an integral part of the tradition of which state?
   (a) Odisha
   (b) Assam
   (c) Andhra Pradesh
   (d) Tamil Nadu

Answer: (b) Assam

7. Assertion (A): Muga Silk is a symbol of Assam’s cultural heritage.

Reason (R): It is a GI-tagged product unique to the Brahmaputra Valley.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Which of the following statements is correct about Muga Silk?
   (a) It is a synthetic fibre
   (b) It is produced only in Manipur
   (c) It is obtained from semi-domesticated silkworms
   (d) It has no cultural significance

Answer: (c) It is obtained from semi-domesticated silkworms

1. “Traditional textiles like Muga Silk are not just economic products but carriers of cultural identity.” Discuss the significance of Muga Silk and challenges faced by the handloom sector in Northeast India. (15 Marks)
2. Examine the role of Geographical Indication (GI) tags in protecting and promoting traditional Indian handicrafts and textiles. (10 Marks)

The Supreme Court has clarified that sedition trials and appeals under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) may proceed where the accused has no objection, partially relaxing its 2022 interim order that had put such proceedings on hold. This clarification came while hearing a plea by a man who has been in jail for 17 years in a sedition case.

• The colonial-era sedition law is contained in Section 124A of the IPC, introduced by the British in 1890.
• It criminalises any act or speech that brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites disaffection towards the Government established by law in India.
• Punishment: Imprisonment for life (with or without fine), imprisonment up to three years, or fine only.

• The law was widely used against freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and others to suppress political dissent.
• Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962): A Constitution Bench upheld the constitutional validity of Section 124A but narrowed its scope. Sedition applies only when there is:
  • Incitement to violence, or
  • Intention or tendency to create public disorder. Mere criticism of the government, however strong, does not amount to sedition.

• May 2022 Interim Order: The Supreme Court put the operation of Section 124A on hold, directing governments not to register new FIRs, not to continue investigations, and to keep trials in abeyance.
• 2026 Clarification: Trials and appeals can now proceed if the accused has no objection and wants the case to be decided on merits. The general stay continues for those who wish to rely on the 2022 protection.
• With the introduction of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Section 152 BNS has replaced Section 124A, criminalising acts that endanger the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. Its validity is also under challenge.

• The clarification provides procedural flexibility — accused persons can now seek early adjudication instead of waiting indefinitely.
• It balances individual rights with the state’s interest in maintaining public order.
• The broader constitutional validity of sedition-like provisions (both under IPC and BNS) remains pending before the Supreme Court.
• Highlights the tension between freedom of speech (Article 19(1)(a)) and reasonable restrictions (Article 19(2)).

Prelims

• Key Terms: Section 124A IPC, Sedition Law, Kedar Nath Singh Case, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Section 152.

GS-2 (Polity & Governance)

• Freedom of Speech and Expression, Judicial Interpretation, Colonial Laws in Modern India.

GS-3 (Internal Security)

• Law and Order, Misuse of laws, Balance between security and civil liberties.

Essay / Interview

• “Sedition Law: A Colonial Relic or Necessary Safeguard?”
• “Freedom of Speech vs National Security: The Sedition Debate in India.”

1. With reference to the Sedition Law, consider the following statements:

1. Section 124A was introduced in the IPC in 1890 by the British.
2. In the Kedar Nath Singh case, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutional validity.
3. The Supreme Court’s 2022 order completely struck down Section 124A.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

2. In which case did the Supreme Court narrow the scope of sedition to incitement to violence or public disorder?
   (a) Romesh Thappar case
   (b) Kedar Nath Singh case
   (c) Shreya Singhal case
   (d) Navtej Singh Johar case

Answer: (b) Kedar Nath Singh case

3. Consider the following statements:

1. The Supreme Court’s 2026 clarification allows sedition trials to proceed if the accused has no objection.
2. Section 152 of BNS has replaced Section 124A of IPC.
3. Mere criticism of the government amounts to sedition under Indian law.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

4. Which of the following is not a punishment prescribed under Section 124A IPC?
   (a) Imprisonment for life
   (b) Imprisonment up to three years
   (c) Death sentence
   (d) Fine only

Answer: (c) Death sentence

5. The recent Supreme Court clarification on sedition was given in the context of a case from which state?
   (a) Uttar Pradesh
   (b) Madhya Pradesh
   (c) Maharashtra
   (d) Tamil Nadu

Answer: (d) Tamil Nadu

6. Which of the following best describes the current status of Section 124A IPC?
   (a) It has been completely struck down
   (b) It is under review and partially operational with conditions
   (c) It has been replaced by BNS Section 152
   (d) It is no longer part of Indian law

Answer: (b) It is under review and partially operational with conditions

7. Assertion (A): The Supreme Court in 2022 put sedition proceedings on hold.

Reason (R): To prevent misuse of the law against journalists, activists, and citizens exercising free speech.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita primarily deals with:
   (a) Offences against public tranquillity
   (b) Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
   (c) Cyber crimes
   (d) Economic offences

Answer: (b) Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India

1. “The Sedition Law continues to be a contentious issue in India’s democratic framework.” Critically examine its constitutional validity, misuse, and the evolving judicial stance. (15 Marks)
2. Discuss the implications of the Supreme Court’s 2022 interim order and 2026 clarification on the balance between freedom of speech and national security. (10 Marks)

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s recent visit to Beijing, shortly after US President Donald Trump’s trip, has highlighted China’s growing centrality in global diplomacy. The deepening Russia-China partnership raises serious questions about its implications for regional stability and India’s strategic interests.

Russia-China relations have evolved through three major phases — imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet. Despite sharing a 4,300-km border, ties were often strained historically. China still remembers 19th-century territorial losses to Russia as part of its “century of humiliation.”

• Relations improved after China’s Communist revolution, leading to the 1950 Treaty of Friendship.
• Ideological differences caused the Sino-Soviet Split and armed clashes in 1969.
• Post-Soviet collapse, ties revived with the 1992 Strategic Partnership.
• In 2022, Putin and Xi declared a “no-limits” partnership.

Russia and China have developed strong interdependence:

• China provides markets, technology, and capital.
• Russia supplies energy and defence equipment.
• Post-Ukraine war Western sanctions have made Russia heavily dependent on China (China now accounts for ~32% of Russia’s total trade).

Key areas of cooperation include energy (Power of Siberia pipelines), technology, investment, and de-dollarisation (trade in yuan and ruble).

• Over 40 agreements signed covering energy, technology, and investment.
• Both leaders criticised “unilateralism and hegemonic policies” (implicit reference to the US).
• Reaffirmed commitment to a multipolar world order and democratisation of global institutions.
• No final agreement on Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline.

• Both countries view the US as a strategic rival.
• However, they are not natural allies culturally, ideologically, or historically.
• A formal military alliance remains unlikely in the near future because:
  • China does not want to be dragged into Russia’s conflict with the West over Ukraine.
  • Russia does not want to get involved in China’s tensions over Taiwan.
• Both prefer strategic flexibility over binding commitments.

• Russia’s increasing dependence on China is shrinking India’s strategic space.
• India has long followed a balancing strategy — strong ties with Russia and deepening partnership with the US.
• This balancing act is becoming difficult as both Washington and Moscow move closer to Beijing.
• India may need to recalibrate its foreign and security policy, especially regarding continental security.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Russia-China “No Limits” Partnership, Power of Siberia, Multipolar World Order, Section 152 BNS.

GS-2 (International Relations)

• India’s Neighbourhood & Major Power Relations, Russia-China Axis, Strategic Autonomy.

GS-3 (Internal Security)

• External threats to national security, Geopolitical challenges.

Essay / Interview

• “The Emerging Russia-China Axis and its Implications for India.”
• “Multipolarity vs Bipolarity: Changing Global Order and India’s Strategic Choices.”

1. With reference to Russia-China relations, consider the following statements:

1. They declared a “no-limits” partnership in 2022.
2. China is Russia’s largest trading partner after Western sanctions.
3. Both countries are moving towards a formal military alliance.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

2. The “Power of Siberia” refers to:
   (a) A military alliance
   (b) A gas pipeline project between Russia and China
   (c) A joint space mission
   (d) A cyber security pact

Answer: (b) A gas pipeline project between Russia and China

3. Consider the following statements:

1. Russia and China share a 4,300-km border.
2. India’s strategic space is shrinking due to growing Russia-China proximity.
3. The Supreme Court has struck down Section 124A of IPC completely.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

4. Which of the following is not a reason for Russia’s growing dependence on China?
   (a) Western sanctions after Ukraine war
   (b) Need for markets and technology
   (c) Common democratic ideology
   (d) Energy and defence cooperation

Answer: (c) Common democratic ideology

5. The recent Putin-Xi summit was held in:
   (a) Moscow
   (b) Beijing
   (c) New Delhi
   (d) Washington

Answer: (b) Beijing

6. Which of the following best describes the current Russia-China relationship?
   (a) Formal military alliance
   (b) Strategic partnership without formal alliance
   (c) Hostile rivalry
   (d) Neutral diplomatic ties

Answer: (b) Strategic partnership without formal alliance

7. Assertion (A): Growing Russia-China proximity poses a strategic challenge for India.

Reason (R): It reduces India’s manoeuvrability in balancing relations between major powers.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. The “No Limits” partnership between Russia and China was declared in which year?
   (a) 2019
   (b) 2022
   (c) 2024
   (d) 2026

Answer: (b) 2022

1. “The deepening Russia-China strategic partnership presents both opportunities and challenges for India.” Critically examine its implications for India’s foreign policy and national security. (15 Marks)
2. Discuss the evolving global order in the context of Russia-China proximity and its impact on multipolarity and India’s strategic autonomy. (10 Marks)

The Union Government has informed the Supreme Court that it does not support new hydroelectric projects on the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers — the two main headstreams of the Ganga. This marks a major policy shift towards ecological caution in the fragile Himalayan region, ending years of internal disagreement among ministries.

• The decision comes after more than a decade of debate following the 2013 Kedarnath disaster.
• The Supreme Court had ordered a review of all existing and proposed hydropower projects in Uttarakhand and halted fresh environmental clearances.
• The Centre has now adopted a unified position against new dams in the upper Ganga basin, citing ecological, geological, and cultural sensitivity of the region.

• Ravi Chopra Committee (2013): Concluded that most proposed projects would harm biodiversity.
• B.P. Das Committee (EB-II, 2015): Examined cumulative impact, carrying capacity, glacial risks, and socio-economic factors.
• Internal conflicts persisted between the Environment Ministry, Jal Shakti Ministry, and Power Ministry.
• In 2021, the Centre had cleared only seven projects that were substantially completed.
• In 2024–2026, a high-level committee under Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan reviewed the issue and recommended only five projects.
• Finally, in 2026, the Centre decided against new projects in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi basins.

• Disaster Vulnerability: High risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), as seen in the 2021 Rishi Ganga flood and 2023 Sikkim disaster.
• Ecological Sensitivity: Presence of Nanda Devi National Park, Valley of Flowers, Gangotri National Park, Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, and Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone.
• Geological Fragility: Land subsidence in Joshimath and seismic risks in the Himalayan region.
• Cultural & Spiritual Importance: The upper Ganga basin is considered sacred and ecologically unique (‘sui generis’).

• Reflects a shift from “development-first” to ecological caution in the Himalayas.
• Highlights the challenge of balancing energy needs, economic development, and environmental sustainability.
• Sets a precedent for future hydropower projects in fragile ecosystems.
• Strengthens the case for renewable energy alternatives (solar, wind, small hydro) instead of large dams in ecologically sensitive zones.

Prelims

• Key Terms: Upper Ganga, Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Kedarnath Disaster, GLOF, Ravi Chopra Committee, Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone.

GS-1 (Geography)

• Himalayan ecology, River systems, Disaster vulnerability.

GS-3 (Environment & Disaster Management)

• Environmental Impact Assessment, Sustainable development, Climate change adaptation in Himalayas.

Essay / Interview

• “Development vs Ecology: The Upper Ganga Dilemma.”
• “Can India Achieve Energy Security Without Compromising Himalayan Fragility?”

1. With reference to the Upper Ganga No-Dam Consensus, consider the following statements:

1. The Centre has decided against new hydropower projects on Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers.
2. This decision was taken after the 2013 Kedarnath disaster.
3. The Ravi Chopra Committee supported large-scale hydropower projects.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

2. Which of the following rivers are the main headstreams of the Ganga in Uttarakhand?
   (a) Yamuna and Tons
   (b) Alaknanda and Bhagirathi
   (c) Gandak and Kosi
   (d) Chambal and Betwa

Answer: (b) Alaknanda and Bhagirathi

3. Consider the following statements:

1. The Supreme Court had put a freeze on new environmental clearances for hydropower projects in Uttarakhand after the 2013 disaster.
2. GLOF refers to Glacial Lake Outburst Flood.
3. The Centre has declared the upper Ganga basin as ‘sui generis’ due to its ecological sensitivity.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 only

Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3

4. Which committee was constituted to examine the cumulative impact of hydropower projects in the upper Ganga basin?
   (a) Madhav Gadgil Committee
   (b) Ravi Chopra Committee
   (c) B.P. Das Committee
   (d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c)

5. Which of the following is not a reason cited by the Centre for opposing new dams in the upper Ganga?
   (a) Seismic vulnerability
   (b) GLOF risks
   (c) Promotion of thermal power
   (d) Presence of eco-sensitive zones

Answer: (c) Promotion of thermal power

6. The Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone is located in which state?
   (a) Himachal Pradesh
   (b) Uttarakhand
   (c) Uttar Pradesh
   (d) Bihar

Answer: (b) Uttarakhand

7. Assertion (A): The Centre has adopted an ecological caution approach in the upper Ganga basin.

Reason (R): The region is ecologically fragile and culturally significant.

Select the correct code:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

8. Which of the following disasters is associated with the policy review of hydropower projects in Uttarakhand?
   (a) 2004 Tsunami
   (b) 2013 Kedarnath Disaster
   (c) 2020 Vizag Gas Leak
   (d) 2018 Kerala Floods

Answer: (b) 2013 Kedarnath Disaster

1. “The Upper Ganga No-Dam Consensus reflects a welcome shift towards ecological prudence in the Himalayas.” Critically examine the challenges of balancing development and conservation in fragile ecosystems like the upper Ganga basin. (15 Marks)
2. Discuss the environmental and strategic implications of large hydropower projects in the Himalayan region with special reference to recent policy developments. (10 Marks)